This book is a superbly illustrated guide to the latest endoscopic approaches employed in surgery to the lumbar spine. In the past, spinal endoscopic surgeries have been performed mainly in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation, but indications have now expanded owing to breakthroughs in surgical methods and instruments. Furthermore, in addition to the traditional percutaneous transforaminal approach, various other approaches are now feasible, including the posterior, paraspinal, transpedicular, and contralateral. This book describes and illustrates the full array of approaches in indications including lumbar central stenosis, lumbar foraminal stenosis, and lumbar disc herniation. Detailed guidance is also provided on endoscopic lumbar interbody fusion, covering the oblique, uniportal, and biportal approaches. Supplementary surgical videos further facilitate understanding and execution of the described procedures. Written by expert spinal endoscopy surgeons with extensive practical experience and a record of academic achievement, the book will be an ideal aid for spine surgeons at all levels of experience.

1. Special issue of endoscopic spine surgery.- (1) Paradigm shifting of spinal endoscopic approach.- (2) Nomenclature of endoscopic surgery.- (3) Learning curve of endoscopic lumbar discectomy.- 2. Lumbar central stenosis.- (1) Full endoscopic posterior approach: in and out.- (2) Full endoscopic posterior approach: out and in.- (3) Biportal endoscopic approach.- 3. Lumbar foraminal stenosis.- (1) Full endoscopic contralateral approach.- (2) Full endoscopic transforaminal approach.- (3) Full endoscopic paraspinal approach.- (4) Biportal endoscopic contralateral approach.- (5) Biportal endoscopic paraspinal approach.- 4. Lumbar disc herniation.- (1) Full endoscopic approach with foraminoplasty.- (2) Full endoscopic transpedicular approach.- (3) Biportal endoscopic approach.- 5. Endoscopic lumbar interbody fusion.- (1) Endoscopic OLIF.- (2) Endoscopic LIF uniportal.- (3) Endoscopic LIF biportal.