Summary

In cancer treatment, non-invasive diagnosis can avoid complications of biopsy and other unfavorable impacts on patient's health. DNA, methylation, SNPs, miRNA, mRNA, protein, autoantibodies, metabolite, and Omics-based markers from remote media such as blood, plasma, and urine are emerging as noninvasive molecular markers with high specificity and sensitivity towards many cancers. In many instances, these markers are also emerging as next-generation personalized diagnostics and targets or therapeutics for personalized cancer treatment. This book classifies the available molecular tumor markers according to their principal characteristics and relative methodologies.

GENERAL
Overview of Gynecologic Cancers
Ikbal Kaygusuz, MD, Aydin Kosus, MD, and Hasan Kafali, MD
Cytogenetic Early Markers in Gynecologic Cancers
Murat Oznur, MD, PhD, Serap Dede, MS, Debmalya Barh, MSc, MTech, MPhil, PhD, and Mehmet Gunduz, MD, PhD
BREAST CANCER
Early Biomarkers in Breast Cancer
Ruchika Kaul-Ghanekar, MSc, PhD, Snehal Suryavanshi, MSc, and Prerna Raina, MSc
Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers of Breast Invasive Lesions
Maria C. Calomarde, MD, Carlos Iglesias, MD, Elisa Moreno-Palacios, MD, Javier De Santiago, MD, PhD, and Ignacio Zapardiel, MD, PhD
Biomarkers for Early Detection of Familial Breast Cancer
Burak Yilmaz, MS, Catherine A. Moroski-Erkul, MS, Omer Faruk Hatipoglu, PhD, Esra Gunduz, DMD, PhD, Debmalya Barh, MSc, MTech, MPhil, PhD, and Mehmet Gunduz, MD, PhD
DNA Methylation: An Epigenetic Marker of Breast Cancer Influenced by Nutrients Acting as an Environmental Factor
Tarique N. Hasan, MSc, Gowhar Shafi, PhD, B. Leena Grace, PhD, Jesper Tegner, PhD, and Anjana Munshi, PhD
CERVICAL CANCER
Biomarkers for Early Detection of Cervical Cancer
Ruchika Kaul-Ghanekar, MSc, PhD, Amit S. Choudhari, MSc, and Savita Pandita, MSc
Biomarkers in Cervical Cancer: DNA HR-HPV, p16INK4a, Ki-67, and RNA-m E6/E
María Serrano, MD, María-Dolores Diestro, MD, PhD, Marcos Cuerva, MD, PhD, Ignacio Zapardiel, MD, PhD, Adolfo Loayza, MD, PhD, Alicia Hernández, MD, PhD, and Javier De Santiago, MD, PhD
Biomarkers of Nucleotide Metabolism in Cervical Cancer
Charles A. Kunos, MD, PhD, Lauren Shunkwiler, BA, and Gina Ferris, BA
OVARIAN CANCER
Noninvasive Early Biomarkers in Ovarian Cancer
Sharon A. O’Toole, MSc, PhD, Eugen Ancuta, MSc, MD, PhD, Ream Langhe, MB CHB, MSc, Dolores J. Cahill, PhD, Mairead Murphy, PhD, Cara Martin, MSc, PhD, Lynda McEvoy, PhD, Cathy Spillane, PhD, Orla Sheils, MA, PhD, Emmanuel Petricoin, PhD, Lance Liotta, MD, PhD, and John J. O'Leary, MD, MB, BCh, BAO, BSc, MSc, DPhil
Biomarkers in Ovarian Endometrioid Carcinoma
Murat Oznur, MD, PhD, Serap Memik, MS, Mehmet Gunduz, MD, PhD, and Esra Gunduz, DMD, PhD
MUC16/CA125: A Candidate Tumor Marker for Diagnosis and Therapy in Ovarian Cancer
Houda Bouanene, PhD and Jemni Ben Chibani, PhD
Role of He4 in the Management of Ovarian Cancer
Daniel Abehsera, MD, PhD, Javier De Santiago, MD, PhD, and Ignacio Zapardiel, MD, PhD
UTERINE AND FALLOPIAN TUBE CANCERS
Biomarkers in Endometrial Cancer
Gokhan Nas, MS, Tugce Yasar, MS, Mehmet Gunduz, MD, PhD, and Esra Gunduz, DMD, PhD
Biomarkers in Uterine Mesenchymal and Mixed Malignant Tumors
Rosario Rivera Buery, DMD, PhD and Esra Gunduz, DMD, PhD
Noninvasive Early Biomarkers in Fallopian Tube Carcinoma
Panagiotis Peitsidis, MSc, PhD
VAGINAL AND VULVAR CANCERS
Biomarkers for Early Detection of Vaginal Cancers
Zeynep Ocak, MD, Muradiye Acar, PhD, Mehmet Gunduz, MD, PhD, and Esra Gunduz, DMD, PhD
Noninvasive Early Biomarkers for Vulvar Cancer
Sara Iacoponi, MD, PhD, Marcos Cuerva, MD, PhD, Mar Gil, MD, Elisa Moreno-Palacios, MD, Alicia Hernández, MD, PhD, Javier De Santiago, MD, PhD, and Ignacio Zapardiel, MD, PhD