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Radiography in the Digital Age: Physics, Exposure, Radiation Biology |
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Long overdue, this new work provides just the right focus and scope for the practice of radiography in this digital age, covering four entire courses in a typical radiography program. The entire emphasis of foundational physics has been adjusted in order to properly support the specific information on digital imaging that will follow. The paradigm shift in imaging terminology is reflected by the careful phrasing of concepts, accurate descriptions and clear illustrations throughout the book. There are 641 illustrations, including meticulous color line drawings, numerous photographs and stark radiographs. Chapter 29 alone, on digital image processing, includes 40 beautifully executed illustrations. Foundational chapters on math and basic physics maintain a focus on energy physics. Obsolete and extraneous material has been eliminated, while concepts supporting digital imaging are more thoroughly discussed. All discussion of electricity is limited to only those concepts which bear directly upon the production of x-rays in the x-ray tube. Following is a full discussion of the x-ray beam and its interactions within the patient, the production and characteristics of subject contrast, and an emphasis on the practical application of radiographic technique. This is conventional information, but the terminology and descriptions used have been adapted with great care to the digital environment. No fewer than eight chapters are devoted directly to digital imaging, with the physics of digital image capture, extensive coverage of digital processing techniques, and the practical application issues of both CR and DR. Image display systems are brought up to date with the physics of LCD screens and of electronic images. In all, there are eleven full chapters dealing specifically with digital and electronic imaging concepts. Chapters on Radiation Biology and Protection include an unflinching look at current issues and radiation protection in practice. The radiation biology is clearly presented with numerous lucid illustrations, and a balanced perspective on radiation and its medical use is developed. To reinforce mathematical concepts for the student, dozens of practice exercises are strategically dispersed throughout the chapters, with answer keys provided in the appendix. Extensive review questions at the end of each chapter give a thorough, comprehensive review of the material learned. The Instructor and Laboratory Manual, available on disc, includes the answer key for all chapter review questions and a bank of well over 1450 multiple-choice questions for instructors¡¯ use. It also includes 30 laboratory exercises demonstrating the applications of CR equipment for use in class.
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Preface
Acknowledgments
PART I: THE PHYSICS OF RADIOGRAPHY
1. An Introduction to Radiographic Science
2. Basic Physics for Radiography
3. Unit Conversions and Help with Math
4. The Atom
5. Electromagnetic Waves
6. Magnetism and Electrostatics
7. Electrodynamics
8. X-Ray Machine Circuits and Generators
9. The X-Ray Tube
10. X-Ray Production
PART II: PRODUCTION OF THE RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGE
11. Creation of the Radiographic Image
12. Production of Subject Contrast
13. Qualities of the Radiographic Image
14. Milliampere-Seconds (mAs)
15. Kilovoltage-Peak (kVp)
16. Generators and Filtration
17. Field Size Limitation
18. Patient Condition, Pathology, and Contrast Agents
19. Scattered Radiation and Grids
20. The Anode Bevel and Focal Spot
21. Source-to-Image Receptor Distance (SID)
22. OID and Distance Ratios
23. Alignment and Motion
24. Analyzing the Radiographic Image
25. Simplifying and Standardizing Technique
26. Using Automatic Exposure Controls (AEC)
PART III: DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY
27. Computer Basics
28. Creating the Digital Image
29. Digital Image Processing
30. Postprocessing Operations in Practice
31. Capturing the Digital Image: DR and CR
32. Computed Radiography (CR) Applications
33. Applying Radiographic Technique to Digital Imaging
34. Display Systems and Electronic Images
PART IV: SPECIAL IMAGING METHODS
35. Mobile Radiography and Tomography
36. Digital Fluoroscopy
37. Quality Control
PART V: RADIATION BIOLOGY AND PROTECTION
38. Radiation Perspectives
39. Radiation Units and Measurement
40. Radiation Biology: Cellular Effects
41. Radiation Biology: Organism Effects
42. Radiation Protection: Procedures and Policies
Appendix #1. Answers to Chapter Exercises
Appendix #2. Exercises 25-2, 25-3, and 25-4 (Constructing Technique Charts)
Index |
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